Our home networks may be vulnerable to attack by hackers, thanks to a 'severe' security flaw.
Computer security experts are on high alert after it emerged encryption algorithms designed to protect people's privacy online have been cracked.
Manual WPA/WPA2 Hacking & Cracking. Online services are also available for cracking the handshake. If you have any questions or comments regarding this process, please comment below. To crack wpa-psk/wpa2 you have to wait for the WPA handshake with target AP(access point). Online HASH & WPA Cracking Service hashC is an Online Cracking Service, can be used to crack and recover your hash & wpa password. HashC is also used for penetration services, powered by rentvps.uk. This website presents the Key Reinstallation Attack (KRACK). It breaks the WPA2 protocol by forcing nonce reuse in encryption algorithms used by Wi-Fi.
That means cyber criminals within physical range of any WPA2 protected wireless router - which includes almost all home users - can spy on your every move online.
It could also provide them easy access to data from smart devices, including baby monitors and internet connected security cameras.
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Our home networks may be vulnerable to attack by hackers, thanks to an extremely severe security flaw. Computer security experts are on high alert it emerged WPA2 encryption algorithms designed to protect our privacy have been cracked (stock image)
WHAT CAN USERS DO?
Until ISPs and router manufacturers issue firmware update, users may continue to be vulnerable to the exploit.
However, there are some ways people can protect their data.
Traffic between HTTPS servers should remain secure, so it is best to check the URL for any page you are going to input sensitive data into.
Unprotected sites begin with HTTP:// rather than HTTPS://
Anyone with smart devices should visit the manufacturer's website to check for the latest security updates.
Be aware that any data sent in plain text across your home network, for example some email clients use plain text, may be visible.
News of the vulnerability, known as Krack, or Key Reinstallation Attacks, emerged this week after experts from the Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Belgium, announced they would be releasing their findings to the public.
Details of the exploit were published to the researchers' website shortly before this article was published.
Krack uses a flaw in the Wi-fi Protected Access II protocol (WPA2), developed 13 years ago, which renders it useless.
Depending on the network configuration, it is also possible hackers could inject and manipulate data.
For example, an attacker might be able to inject ransomware or other malware into websites.
In a written statement, the researchers said: 'We discovered serious weaknesses in WPA2, a protocol that secures all modern protected WiFi networks.
'An attacker within range of a victim can exploit these weaknesses using key reinstallation attacks.
'Attackers can use this novel attack technique to read information that was previously assumed to be safely encrypted.
'This can be abused to steal sensitive information such as credit card numbers, passwords, chat messages, emails, photos, and so on.'
Krack is believed to target a process called a handshake, an automated negotiation that happens between devices on a network.
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Handshaking establishes rules for communication between a 'foreign' device and the router, whether that's a printer, server or smartphone.
By agreeing to the rules established during the handshake, the foreign device is then able to establish a connection with the home network.
WPA2 uses a four-way handshake to establish a key for encrypting traffic, to protect it from prying eyes.
Cyber criminals within physical range of any WPA2 protected wireless router can spy on our every move online. It could also provide them easy access to data from our smart devices, including baby monitors and internet connected security cameras (stock image)
During the third stage, researchers discovered the key can be resent multiple times.
Key generation, while seemingly random, is actually governed by a mathematical formula.
Through this third stage, they are believed to have been able to crack the underlying formal used to generate keys through trial and error.
The full findings of the KU Leuven team will be presented on November 1 at the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security in Dallas.
Crack WPA/WPA2 Wi-Fi Routers with Airodump-ng and Aircrack-ng/Hashcat.
Prison architect pc download. This is a brief walk-through tutorial that illustrates how to crack Wi-Fi networks that are secured using weak passwords. It is not exhaustive, but it should be enough information for you to test your own network's security or break into one nearby. The attack outlined below is entirely passive (listening only, nothing is broadcast from your computer) and it is impossible to detect provided that you don't actually use the password that you crack. An optional active deauthentication attack can be used to speed up the reconnaissance process and is described at the end of this document.
If you are familiar with this process, you can skip the descriptions and jump to a list of the commands used at the bottom. For a variety of suggestions and alternative methods, see the appendix. neal1991 and tiiime have also graciously provided translations to this document and the appendix in Chinese if you prefer those versions.
DISCLAIMER: This software/tutorial is for educational purposes only. It should not be used for illegal activity. The author is not responsible for its use. Don't be a dick.
Getting Started
This tutorial assumes that you:
- Have a general comfortability using the command-line
- Are running a debian-based linux distro, preferably Kali linux (OSX users see the appendix)
- Have Aircrack-ng installed
sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng
- Have a wireless card that supports monitor mode (see here for a list of supported devices)
Cracking a Wi-Fi Network
Monitor Mode
Begin by listing wireless interfaces that support monitor mode with:
If you do not see an interface listed then your wireless card does not support monitor mode ?
We will assume your wireless interface name is
wlan0
but be sure to use the correct name if it differs from this. Next, we will place the interface into monitor mode:Run
iwconfig
. You should now see a new monitor mode interface listed (likely mon0
or wlan0mon
).Find Your Target
Start listening to 802.11 Beacon frames broadcast by nearby wireless routers using your monitor interface:
You should see output similar to what is below.
For the purposes of this demo, we will choose to crack the password of my network, 'hackme'. Remember the BSSID MAC address and channel (
CH
) number as displayed by airodump-ng
, as we will need them both for the next step.Online Wpa2 Hash Crack
Capture a 4-way Handshake
Online Wpa2 Cracker
WPA/WPA2 uses a 4-way handshake to authenticate devices to the network. You don't have to know anything about what that means, but you do have to capture one of these handshakes in order to crack the network password. These handshakes occur whenever a device connects to the network, for instance, when your neighbor returns home from work. We capture this handshake by directing
airmon-ng
to monitor traffic on the target network using the channel and bssid values discovered from the previous command.Now we wait.. Once you've captured a handshake, you should see something like
[ WPA handshake: bc:d3:c9:ef:d2:67
at the top right of the screen, just right of the current time.If you are feeling impatient, and are comfortable using an active attack, you can force devices connected to the target network to reconnect, be sending malicious deauthentication packets at them. This often results in the capture of a 4-way handshake. See the deauth attack section below for info on this.
Once you've captured a handshake, press
ctrl-c
to quit airodump-ng
. You should see a .cap
file wherever you told airodump-ng
to save the capture (likely called -01.cap
). We will use this capture file to crack the network password. I like to rename this file to reflect the network name we are trying to crack:Crack the Network Password
The final step is to crack the password using the captured handshake. If you have access to a GPU, I highly recommend using
hashcat
for password cracking. I've created a simple tool that makes hashcat super easy to use called naive-hashcat
. If you don't have access to a GPU, there are various online GPU cracking services that you can use, like GPUHASH.me or OnlineHashCrack. You can also try your hand at CPU cracking with Aircrack-ng.Note that both attack methods below assume a relatively weak user generated password. Most WPA/WPA2 routers come with strong 12 character random passwords that many users (rightly) leave unchanged. If you are attempting to crack one of these passwords, I recommend using the Probable-Wordlists WPA-length dictionary files.
Cracking With naive-hashcat
(recommended)
Before we can crack the password using naive-hashcat, we need to convert our
.cap
file to the equivalent hashcat file format .hccapx
. You can do this easily by either uploading the .cap
file to https://hashcat.net/cap2hccapx/ or using the cap2hccapx
tool directly.Next, download and run
naive-hashcat
:Naive-hashcat uses various dictionary, rule, combination, and mask (smart brute-force) attacks and it can take days or even months to run against mid-strength passwords. The cracked password will be saved to hackme.pot, so check this file periodically. Once you've cracked the password, you should see something like this as the contents of your
POT_FILE
:Where the last two fields separated by
:
are the network name and password respectively.If you would like to use
hashcat
without naive-hashcat
see this page for info.Cracking With Aircrack-ng
Aircrack-ng can be used for very basic dictionary attacks running on your CPU. Before you run the attack you need a wordlist. I recommend using the infamous rockyou dictionary file:
Note, that if the network password is not in the wordfile you will not crack the password.
If the password is cracked you will see a
KEY FOUND!
message in the terminal followed by the plain text version of the network password.Deauth Attack
A deauth attack sends forged deauthentication packets from your machine to a client connected to the network you are trying to crack. These packets include fake 'sender' addresses that make them appear to the client as if they were sent from the access point themselves. Upon receipt of such packets, most clients disconnect from the network and immediately reconnect, providing you with a 4-way handshake if you are listening with
airodump-ng
.Use
airodump-ng
to monitor a specific access point (using -c channel --bssid MAC
) until you see a client (STATION
) connected. A connected client look something like this, where is 64:BC:0C:48:97:F7
the client MAC.Now, leave
airodump-ng
running and open a new terminal. We will use the aireplay-ng
command to send fake deauth packets to our victim client, forcing it to reconnect to the network and hopefully grabbing a handshake in the process.How To Crack Wpa2 Psk
You can optionally broadcast deauth packets to all connected clients with:
Online Wpa2 Cracker
Once you've sent the deauth packets, head back over to your
airodump-ng
process, and with any luck you should now see something like this at the top right: [ WPA handshake: 9C:5C:8E:C9:AB:C0
. Now that you've captured a handshake you should be ready to crack the network password.List of Commands
Below is a list of all of the commands needed to crack a WPA/WPA2 network, in order, with minimal explanation.
Appendix
The response to this tutorial was so great that I've added suggestions and additional material from community members as an appendix. Check it out to learn how to:
- Capture handshakes and crack WPA passwords on MacOS/OSX
- Capture handshakes from every network around you with
wlandump-ng
- Use
crunch
to generate 100+GB wordlists on-the-fly - Spoof your MAC address with
macchanger
A Chinese version of the appendix is also available.
Attribution
Much of the information presented here was gleaned from Lewis Encarnacion's awesome tutorial. Thanks also to the awesome authors and maintainers who work on Aircrack-ng and Hashcat.
Overwhelming thanks to neal1991 and tiiime for translating this tutorial into Chinese. Further shout outs to yizhiheng, hiteshnayak305, enilfodne, DrinkMoreCodeMore, hivie7510, cprogrammer1994, 0XE4, hartzell, zeeshanu, flennic, bhusang, tversteeg, gpetrousov, crowchirp and Shark0der who also provided suggestions and typo fixes on Reddit and GitHub. If you are interested in hearing some proposed alternatives to WPA2, check out some of the great discussion on this Hacker News post.